Healthcare lobbying and campaign finance activities of vision-related professional societies, 2015 to 2022.

Purpose: To compare the lobbying expenditures and political action committee (PAC) campaign finance activities of the American Academy of Ophthalmology (AAO), American Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery (ASCRS), and American Optometric Association (AOA) from 2015 to 2022. Methods: Financial data were collected from the Federal Election Commission and OpenSecrets database. Analysis was performed to characterize and compare financial activity among the organizations. P < 0.05 was considered significant and all analyses were two-sided. Results: From 2015 to 2022, the AAO, ASCRS, and AOA spent $6,745,000, $5,354,406, and $13,335,000 on lobbying, respectively. The AOA's annual lobbying expenditure (median, $1,725,000) was significantly greater than AAO's ($842,500, P = 0.03) and ASCRS's ($694,289, P < 0.001). In PAC donations, OPHTHPAC, affiliated with AAO, received $3,221,737 from 2079 donors (median, $900); eyePAC, affiliated with ASCRS, received $506,255 from 349 donors ($500); and AOA-PAC received $6,642,588 from 3641 donors ($825). Compared to eyePAC, median donations to OPHTHPAC (P = 0.01) and AOA-PAC (P = 0.04) were significantly higher. In campaign spending, OPHTHPAC contributed $2,728,500 to 326 campaigns (median, $5000), eyePAC contributed $293,500 to 58 campaigns ($3000), and AOA-PAC contributed $5,128,673 to 617 campaigns ($5500). eyePAC's median campaign contribution was significantly lower than the AOA's (P < 0.001) and AAO's (P = 0.007). Every PAC directed most of its contributions toward Republican campaigns; eyePAC donated the highest proportion (64.9%). Conclusions: AOA was more assertive in shaping policy by increasing lobbying expenditures, fundraising, and donating to a greater number of election campaigns.

The effects of emotions on the disposition to normative and non-normative political action in the context of the Chilean post-social outburst.

This article analyzes the role of Chileans' emotions as predictors of normative and non-normative political action in the context of the post-social outbreak and the constituent process. We carried out three descriptive studies: first, a study conducted 1 year after the social outburst (n = 607), a second one carried out before the constitutional referendum (n = 320), and a third study conducted after the constitutional referendum (n = 210). The results indicated that participants present a higher disposition to normative over non-normative political action, although both lose strength as the studies temporally move away from the social outburst. Also, our research established that emotions directed towards different events related to the Chilean political process play a conspicuous role in predicting the disposition to mobilize in a normative and non-normative way.

Anxiety and political action in times of the Covid-19 pandemic.

Since the beginning of the global Covid-19 pandemic in the spring of 2020 countries across the world have implemented various measures to contain the virus. They have restricted public gatherings, mobility and congregation of people at homes and in public places. These restrictions however did not stop another chain of events - the global Black Lives Matter (BLM) protests. In the summer of 2020 people across the globe mobilised to protest the police killing of George Floyd. In the UK the protest for Black Lives took place in all major cities, but they also continued weekly in smaller communities by 'taking the knee'. What interests me in this contribution is how anxieties experienced during the global pandemic contributed to the mobilisation of large-scale political actions for racial justice and how might we consider anxiety as a mobilising force in political space in times of global pandemic in particular in the context of anti-racist protests such as BLM. This forum contribution opens by considering how global pandemic aided conditions for political action for racial justice, before discussing the role of anxiety in political mobilising. Here I first detailed how anxiety is understood in Lacanian psychoanalysis before considering what it tells us about the BLM protests for racial justice and specifically the removal of the Colston statue during the Bristol protest on June 7 2020.

Povos indígenas e luta por garantia de direitos no Piauí, Brasil / Indigenous peoples and the struggle for guaranteed rights in Piauí, Brazil / Los pueblos indígenas y la lucha por los derechos garantizados en Piauí, Brasil

O presente estudo buscou refletir acerca do processo de mobilização étnica e política dos povos indígenas no Piauí, no intuito de conhecer as políticas públicas destinadas aos grupos indígenas no Estado; discutir o acesso de tais grupos aos serviços voltados à promoção dos direitos indígenas; e apresentar os avanços e impasses na operacionalização das políticas públicas propostas à população indígena piauiense. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa, apoiada na produção de sentido no cotidiano, uma forma de fazer pesquisa em Psicologia Social. Participaram 20 lideranças, mediante os seguintes recursos metodológicos: observação no cotidiano; conversa no cotidiano; entrevista semiestruturada. Em suma, observa-se que por não corresponderem aos marcadores identitários reconhecidos pelos grupos dominantes da sociedade, os grupos indígenas do Piauí têm sido discriminados, oprimidos e marginalizados, sendo constantemente recolocados e vistos sob uma imagem colonial e estereotipada do que é ser indígena, que (re)produzem relações de colonialidade no âmbito das relações institucionais e sociais.

This study sought to reflect on the process of ethnic and political mobilization of indigenous peoples in Piauí, in order to know the public policies aimed at indigenous groups in the State; discuss the access of such groups to services aimed at promoting indigenous rights; and present the advances and impasses in the implementation of public policies proposed to the indigenous population of Piauí. This is a qualitative research, supported by the production of meaning in daily life, a way of doing research in Social Psychology. Twenty leaders participated, through the following methodological re sources: daily observation; conversation in daily life; semistructured interview. In short, it is observed that because they do not correspond to the identity markers recognized by the dominant groups of society, the indigenous groups of Piauí have been discriminated, oppressed, and marginalized, being constantly replaced and seen under a colonial and stereotyped image of what it is to be indigenous, that (re)produces relationships of coloniality within the institutional and social relations.

Este estudio buscó reflexionar sobre el proceso de movilización étnica y política de los pueblos indígenas en Piauí, con el fin de conocer las políticas públicas dirigidas a los grupos indígenas en el Estado; discutir el acceso de dichos grupos a los servicios destinados a promover los derechos indígenas; y presentar los avances y estanciamentos en la implementación de las políticas públicas propuestas a la población indígena de Piauí. Se trata de una investigación cualitativa, basada en la producción de sentido en la vida cotidiana, una forma de hacer investigación en Psicología Social. Participaron 20 líderes, a través de los siguientes recursos metodológicos: observación diaria; conversación en la vida cotidiana; entrevista semiestructurada. En suma, se observa que no corresponder a las marcas identitarias reconocidas por los grupos dominantes de la sociedad, los grupos indígenas de Piauí han sido discriminados, oprimidos y marginados, siendo constantemente reemplazados y vistos bajo una imagen colonial y estereotipada de lo que es ser indígena, que (re)produce relaciones de colonialidad en el ámbito de las relaciones institucionales y sociales.

Towards democratic institutions: Tronto's care ethics inspiring nursing actions in intensive care.

Care as a concept has long been central to the nursing discipline, and care ethics have consequently found their place in nursing ethics discussions. This paper briefly revisits how care and care ethics have been theorized and applied in the discipline of nursing, with an emphasis on Tronto's political view of care. Adding to the works of other nurse scholars, we consider that Tronto's care ethics is useful to understand caring practices in a sociopolitical context. We also contend that this vision can be used specifically to politicize nurses, by encouraging them to think critically about the context in which they work and how they can participate to change the status quo, notably by prompting the democratization of care in institutional settings. We illustrate this by demonstrating how moral distress that can occur with aggressive or futile treatments in the intensive care unit can be reduced if nurses are systematically included in the decision-making process. By showing some ways in which nursing political actions can begin to change the status quo as it pertains to futile treatments at the end of life, we can help empower nurses to strive to be included in political spaces and voice their concerns to have their professional needs met.

Evidence-based recommendations for communicating the impacts of climate change on health.

Climate change poses a multifaceted, complex, and existential threat to human health and well-being, but efforts to communicate these threats to the public lag behind what we know how to do in communication research. Effective communication about climate change's health risks can improve a wide variety of individual and population health-related outcomes by: (1) helping people better make the connection between climate change and health risks and (2) empowering them to act on that newfound knowledge and understanding. The aim of this manuscript is to highlight communication methods that have received empirical support for improving knowledge uptake and/or driving higher-quality decision making and healthier behaviors and to recommend how to apply them at the intersection of climate change and health. This expert consensus about effective communication methods can be used by healthcare professionals, decision makers, governments, the general public, and other stakeholders including sectors outside of health. In particular, we argue for the use of 11 theory-based, evidence-supported communication strategies and practices. These methods range from leveraging social networks to making careful choices about the use of language, narratives, emotions, visual images, and statistics. Message testing with appropriate groups is also key. When implemented properly, these approaches are likely to improve the outcomes of climate change and health communication efforts.

Climate change poses a tremendous and complex threat to human health and well-being. Efforts to communicate these threats to the public may not be as effective as desired and using evidence-based strategies could improve a wide variety of health-related outcomes for individuals and society while potentially reducing climate-related health disparities. In particular, effective communication can help people understand the crucial connection between climate change and health risks and empower them to act on that newfound knowledge and understanding. We recommend 11 communication methods that have been well tested in other domains and can be applied to the intersection of climate and health by healthcare professionals, decisionmakers, governments, the general public, and other stakeholders including those in sectors outside of health. These methods range from leveraging social networks to making careful choices about the use of language, narratives, emotions, visual images, and statistics. Message testing with appropriate groups is also key. When implemented properly, these approaches are likely to improve knowledge uptake and drive better decision making and healthier behaviors.

Translation as a political action: reframing 'the deal of the century' in the translations of the BBC.

The media coverage of international events is often shaped by major actors who express their personal ideologies in the news stories they present. The ongoing conflict between Israelis and Palestinians since the mid-20th century has sparked global media attention. Several studies have explored the crucial role of translation during the news coverage of this conflict. One recent development is Trump's peace plan, termed as 'the deal of the century', announced on 28 January 2020. It was received amidst much controversy that polarized the international community into supporters and detractors. Nevertheless, few studies have examined the media channels' representations of this plan despite the topic's sensitivity. This research article examines the media's depiction of the announcement of Trump's peace plan. It attempts to answer the question of how Trump's peace plan is narrated through different media channels to be transmitted to target audiences. Given the conflict's sensitivity, it is necessary to examine the way this plan has been represented in the media using a powerful, simultaneously flexible framework that captures the complexities of the interaction between various powers that are involved in this conflict. Mona Baker's narrative theory offers such a framework that is particularly appropriate for the current study. The analysis reveals that the BBC English source texts raise doubts about the plausibility and success of Trump's peace plan while the target text goes further by considering the peace plan as a failure since its initial proposal. Translators of the target texts used omissions, additions, lexical variations, and substitutions to frame narratives that are absent in the source texts. The Arabic text constantly describes the plan as a 'deal', demonstrating sympathy with Palestinians and suggesting that the proposed plan manipulates Palestinians' lives and denies them the right to decide their destiny.

How and why nurses became involved in politics or political action, and the outcomes or impacts of this involvement.

BACKGROUND: Nurses' political engagement is needed for societal advancements. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to explain why and how nurses became politically active, and what they achieved. METHODS: Qualitative, constant-comparative data analysis was used for this study. After 10 elected or politically-active Canadian nurses were interviewed, data saturation was confirmed. FINDINGS: All were motivated by early life events to realize the importance of social justice and good government. Their nursing education and work equipped them to be capable of engaging in political spheres. All had developed knowledge of relevance for political purposes; in addition to confidence, communication skills, and other abilities to be effective politically. All highlighted the importance of being encouraged and assisted to engage politically. Positive micro-, meso-, and macro-level benefits of this involvement were identified. CONCLUSIONS: More nurses should be inspired and helped to become active politically. It is critically important for nurses to inform and advance public policy, through direct political activities.

Discurso psicológico e população LGBTI: endereçamentos de uma ação clínica e política / Psychological discourse and the LGBTQ+ population: directions of a clinical and political action / Le discours psychologique et la population LGBTQ+: orientations d'une action clinique et politique / El discurso psicológico y la población LGBTI: un camino hacia una acción clínica y política

Resumo A clínica psicológica, acompanhando entrelaces e experiências diversas no campo da saúde e da educação, é entendida como espaço de recolhimento de questões que tematizam a existência humana. Por meio de leitura bibliográfica, pretendemos dialogar com fenômenos humanos que, sob o caos cotidiano, reverberam compreensões para a clínica psicológica como campo político de ação. Partimos de apontamentos de Hannah Arendt para abordar uma possível ação clínica que faz interface com a política. Buscamos evidenciar as identidades de gênero e orientações sexuais como constructos que permeiam e são permeados por forças que ora direcionam, ora excluem, dadas as confusões em torno do poder e da violência que desde tenra história revelam a sua não-conformidade com a ciência psicológica. Questionamos o lugar do fazer e do saber da psicologia, salientando que sua atitude deveria caminhar numa direção ética e dialogar com uma ação clínica e política.

Abstract The psychological clinic, involving different experiences and interrelations between health and education, is mainly understood as a space of recollection of questions that characterize human existence. By means of a bibliographical reading, this study investigates human phenomena that, understood under the everyday chaos, echoes understandings for the psychological clinic as a political arena. Based on Hannah Arendt, the text begins by discussing a possible clinical action interfacing with politics. It highlights gender identities and sexual orientations as constructs that permeate and are permeated by forces that sometimes direct and sometimes exclude, given the confusions regarding power and violence that from antiquity reveals their non-conformity with psychological science. It calls into question the place of psychology, as knowledge and praxis, pointing out that the psychologist's attitude should move towards ethics and dialogue with a clinical and political action.

Résumé La clinique psychologique, impliquants différents expériences et entrelacements entre la santé et l'éducation, est largement comprise comme un espace de recueillement des questions qui caractérisent l'existence humaine. Par le biais d'une lecture bibliographique, cette étude examine des phénomènes humains qui, compris dans le chaos quotidien, font échos à la compréhension de la clinique psychologique en tant que champ politique d'action. En se basant sur Hannah Arendt, le texte commence par discuter d'une possible action clinique en interface avec la politique. Il souligne les identités de genre et les orientations sexuelles comme des constructions qui imprègnent et sont imprégnées par des forces qui parfois dirigent et parfois excluent, étant donné la confusion concernant le pouvoir et la violence qui, depuis l'antiquité, révèlent leur non-conformité avec la science psychologique. Il remet en question la place de la psychologie, en tant que savoir et praxis, en soulignant que l'attitude du psychologue devrait s'orienter vers une éthique et le dialogue avec une action clinique et politique.

Resumen La clínica psicológica al seguir entrelaces y experiencias diversas, sobre todo, en el campo de la salud y la educación se entiende como un espacio de recogida de cuestiones que tematizan la existencia humana. Por medio de una lectura bibliográfica, pretendemos dialogar con fenómenos humanos que, al caos cotidiano, reflejan conocimientos para la clínica psicológica como un campo político de acción. Partimos de apuntes de Hannah Arendt para tematizar una posible acción clínica que hace interfaz con la política. Buscamos evidenciar las identidades de género y orientaciones sexuales como constructos que permean y están impregnados por fuerzas que ora dirigen, ora excluyen, dadas las confusiones en torno al poder y la violencia, que desde tiempos remotos revela la no conformidad de tales existencias con la ciencia psicológica. Cuestionamos el lugar del hacer y del saber de la psicología, demarcando que una actitud del psicólogo debería caminar hacia la ética y dialogar con una acción clínica y política.

Uberização: precarização do trabalho e ação política dos trabalhadores no Brasil de 2020 / Uberisation: precarisation of work and political action of workers in 2020 Brazil

Este artigo tem por objetivo geral debater o que é trabalhar no Brasil de 2020, a partir do processo de precarização em sua versão mais atualizada: a uberização. Em específico, nosso objetivo é discutir as estratégias e reinvenções desenvolvidas por uma categoria de trabalhadores uberizados para minimizar ou conter o avanço da precarização. Seguindo a tradição teórico-metodológica da psicologia social do trabalho, conduzimos uma análise temática a partir do perfil oficial do movimento dos Entregadores Antifascistas na rede social Instagram. O material para análise compreende postagens, entrevistas e reportagens em formato escrito e audiovisual, de acesso público. Nossa análise é apresentada a partir de três temas que emergem como fundamentais para o debate proposto: a precarização e seu aprofundamento na pandemia; o empreendedorismo funcionando para a precarização do trabalho; e o encontro da política com o trabalho dos entregadores. Concluímos que acompanhar a emergência e o desenvolvimento de movimentos de trabalhadores no enfrentamento à uberização nos mundos do trabalho permite identificar e compreender as implicações psicossociais dessas novas modalidades de organização do trabalho

This study aims to discuss the uberization of work as a more up-to-date version of the precarization of work. It also aims to show and debate the strategies and tactics which uberized workers developed to minimize its consequences and prevent the increase of precarious and insecure jobs. Following the theoretical-methodological perspective of the Latin American social psychology of work, we conducted a thematic analysis using documents from the official Instagram account of the movement of "Anti-Fascist Couriers." Publicly accessible written and audiovisual documents ­ such as photos, interviews, documentaries, and magazine and newspaper articles ­ compose our dataset. We show our analysis considering three main themes: the increase of precarious conditions at work after the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic; how entrepreneurialism enlarge precarious conditions at work; and delivery workers' political action. We conclude that monitoring the emergence and development of workers' movements in the fight against uberization in the world of work enabled us to identify and understand the psychosocial implications of these new forms of work organization

Consciência e participação política em conselhos gestores de unidades de conservação: adversidades e forças / Conciencia y participación política en consejos de gestión de unidades de conservación: adversidades y fuerzas / Consciousness and political participation in councils that manage conservation units: adversities and strengths

RESUMO O artigo é um recorte da pesquisa realizada no escopo do Mestrado em Ambiente e Sustentabilidade da Universidade Estadual do Rio Grande do Sul. Trata-se de um estudo cujo objetivo foi analisar as adversidades e relações de força enquanto dimensões de consciência e participação política nos Conselhos Gestores da Área de Proteção Ambiental Rota do Sol e da Estação Ecológica Estadual Aratinga, região dos Campos de Cima da Serra, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. As análises se deram à luz das sete dimensões do Modelo de Consciência Política (Sandoval, 1989, 1994, 2001, 2016) pela elaboração de mapas falados com os conselheiros. Apesar do enfoque para articulação do funcionamento das unidades de conservação que embasam a garantia de proteção à biodiversidade local, a efetiva ação política se estabelece como um reflexo do jogo político, onde a percepção frente às adversidades são imprescindíveis à elaboração de projetos e articulação em rede.

ABSTRACT The article is an excerpt from the research conducted in the scope of the Master in Environment and Sustainability of Rio Grande do Sul's State University (UERGS). It is a study that aimed to analyze the adversities and power relations as dimensions of consciousness and political participation in the Councils that manage the Environmental Protection Area Rota do Sol and the Aratinga State Ecological Station, region in Campos de Cima da Serra, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The analyses were based on the seven dimensions of the Political Consciousness Model (Sandoval, 1989, 1994, 2001, 2016) through the elaboration of Spoken Maps with the councilors. Despite the focus on articulating the functioning of conservation and protection units for local biodiversity, effective political action is established as a reflection of the political game, where the perception of adversity is essential to the elaboration of projects and networking.

RESUMEN El artículo es un extracto de la investigación realizada en el ámbito del Máster en Medio Ambiente y Sostenibilidad de la Universidade Estadual do Rio Grande do Sul. Es un estudio cuyo objetivo era analizar las adversidades y las relaciones de poder como dimensiones de conciencia y participación política en el Consejos de Administración del Área de Protección Ambiental Rota do Sol y la Estación Ecológica del Estado Aratinga, región de Campos de Cima da Serra, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Los análisis se basaron en las siete dimensiones del Modelo de Conciencia Política (Sandoval, 2016) a través de la elaboración de mapas. A pesar del enfoque en la articulación del funcionamiento de las unidades de conservación y protección de la biodiversidad, la acción política efectiva se establece como un reflejo del juego político, donde la percepción de adversidad es esencial para la elaboración de proyectos y la articulación de redes.

'Do nurses really do that'? An exploratory mixed methods study of Students' willingness to lead.

BACKGROUND: Health care needs are changing, requiring nurses to assume leadership roles and engage in political activism to impact health system transformation. Nursing education socializes students to the profession, as this is where they begin to develop their professional identity. For these reasons' educators must begin to explore student perceptions of the role of the registered nurse given the emphasis on leadership and health care transformation and question if students want to assume these roles. OBJECTIVES: To identify first- and fourth-year baccalaureate nursing student perceptions of the role of the nurse and analyze their willingness to participate in roles that embody leadership and political action. DESIGN: An exploratory mixed method design. SETTING: Two western Canadian four-year baccalaureate nursing programs. PARTICIPANTS: First- and fourth-year students. METHODS: This study utilized a survey to collect demographic data and broad student perceptions of the registered nurse role and career aspirations. Focus groups followed with a sub-set of participants to further explore student opinions about the role of nurses. RESULTS: Similar perceptions and views of nursing exist among cohorts (first- and fourth-year students) and between Baccalaureate programs. Students continue to choose nursing as a career for altruistic reasons. Validation of their role is in the form of personal affirmation of a job well done from their patients. While there is acknowledgement among first- and fourth- year students that nurses should be leaders and influence the overall health care system, student responses indicated that the 'other guy' should do it, not them. CONCLUSIONS: The results identify the need to develop and implement strategies to prepare future nurses who are interested and willing to participate in a career based on leadership, political action, and healthcare transformation.

An Analysis of Political Contributions from Neurosurgeons in the United States.

BACKGROUND: As the uncertainty surrounding the future of U.S. health care policy intensifies, political advocacy and campaign contributions have become increasingly relevant. This study describes the trends of political contributions of U.S. neurosurgeons from the years 2003-2019. METHODS: Individual contribution data from 2003-2019 were obtained from the Federal Election Commission website. Contributions were filtered for occupation lines matching either "neurosurg," "neurologic surgeon," or "neurological surgeon." Each contribution is designated to a recipient committee associated with a political candidate or group. The party designations of these committees were used to catalogue donations as "Republican," "Democratic," or "Independent." RESULTS: From 2003-2019 a total of 9242 political donations were made by self-identified neurosurgeons amounting to $8,469,121. Most of these contribution dollars were directed to Independent committees (47.9%). Of all Independent contribution dollars from 2005-2019, 95.9% were directed to the American Association of Neurological Surgeons Political Action Committee. The total number of unique contributions increased from 442 contributions in 2003 to 650 in 2019. Democrats experienced the most substantial increase in support, from 4.8% of all contribution dollars in 2003 to 26.3% in 2019. Republican support was noted to be more widespread across the United States compared with Democratic support. CONCLUSIONS: Political contributions from U.S. neurosurgeons have increased steadily over time. Donations were largely Independent but became increasingly partisan in recent years. Overall, this displays an increase in political involvement among the neurosurgeon community. Future studies are warranted into how this involvement translates to representative health policy.

Determining if nurses are involved in political action or politics: A scoping literature review.

BACKGROUND: There is much current as well as long-standing concern that nurses need to be more involved in and also more adept at politics and political action for the advancement of the profession, and for the health and wellbeing of the public. OBJECTIVES: An historical scoping literature review was carried out to identify if, as well as why, when, and how nurses become involved in government or meso-level political action or politics, and what is or has been gained through this involvement. DESIGN: Scoping literature review. SETTINGS (INCLUDING GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION): Worldwide published literature. PARTICIPANT: Nil. METHODS: Research and non-research articles on the topic were identified in a decade-by-decade search of the CINAHL database, all relevant ones were retained, and the per-decade findings in them were compared over time. RESULTS: Only 25 research reports, published 1988-2019, were identified. These studies were conducted in a few, mostly developed, countries. They provide a varied picture of nurse or nursing association involvement in political action and policy circles. In contrast, the opinion and theory articles demonstrate increased nurse and nursing association involvement in, as well as rising skill in political action and public policy engagement, although primarily in the United States and Canada. CONCLUSIONS: Research and case reports are needed now in all countries to correct the view that nurses and nursing associations are apolitical, and to gain information on how and why nurses and nursing associations become politically active and also determine what is gained through this activity.

Contributions to the Neurosurgery Political Action Committee (NeurosurgeryPAC): A Historical Perspective.

BACKGROUND: The political action committee (PAC) of the American Association of Neurological Surgeons, known as NeurosurgeryPAC, was formed in August 2005 to strengthen neurosurgical advocacy efforts. Since its establishment, NeurosurgeryPAC has made nonpartisan, direct campaign contributions to hundreds of candidates for the U.S. Senate and U.S. House of Representatives. METHODS: Historical contribution data for 2005-2018 was obtained from NeurosurgeryPAC. Data analyzed by year, and a 2-year election cycle included total amount raised, number of contributors, average donation, and percent participation. NeurosurgeryPAC contribution amounts for election cycles were also compared with those of other physician PACs. RESULTS: NeurosurgeryPAC has raised $2,953,870 since its inception in 2005, for an average of $210,991 per year. For this fundraising, the average annual donation amount is $796 per donor. The number of unique contributors per cycle has varied from 316-504, with an average of 389 individuals per annum and a participation rate of 7.8%. To date, the total amount raised in election years ($1,605,940) is 16.1% higher than that raised in nonelection years ($1,347,930). Among 28 physician PACs, NeurosurgeryPAC has ranked as high as 13 and as low as 17 in total hard money contributions. The orthopedic, neurology and general surgery PACs have consistently ranked higher than NeurosurgeryPAC, whereas the otolaryngology, spine, and plastic surgery PACs have ranked lower. CONCLUSIONS: Since its creation, NeurosurgeryPAC has collected a steady stream of donations to support political candidates. These donations have helped lawmakers who are supportive of policy issues important to neurosurgery, particularly physician reimbursement, medical liability reform, and graduate medical education. However, there remains a significant opportunity to increase the neurosurgeon participation rate in this vital organization. It is truly through advocacy that we will be able to positively affect the future of neurologic surgery in the United States.

Devir Margarida: narrativas de si em experienciafetos / Becoming Margarida: narratives of self in experienceaffections / Devenir Margarida: narrativas de si en experienciafectos

Neste ensaio rizomático, evocamos cenas, imagens e afetos acionados com a participação das mulheres trabalhadoras rurais da V Marcha das Margaridas. A experiência e a narração articulam ferramentas potentes na transmissão de histórias em sua singularidade, diferença e multiplicidade. A escrita demarca um registro possível, uma abertura para estar junto na produção de uma escuta implicada e sensível dos efeitos da experiência de um "devir Margarida". O caminho percorrido irrompe entre fragmentos, recortes descontínuos, impregnado por experienciafetos em sua dimensão ética, estética e política. Com alegria e colorido, as mulheres vêm à público performatizar um ato-manifesto na luta contra os retrocessos e pela garantia de direitos. Em marcha, as margaridas protagonizam ações políticas em prol do bem viver de suas comunidades e questionam os estereótipos tradicionais de gênero.(AU)

In this rhizomatic essay, we evoke scenes, images and affections triggered by our participation, with rural women workers, in the 5 th Marcha das Margaridas . Experience and narrative are powerful tools in the transmission of stories, in their uniqueness, difference and multiplicity. Writing demarcates a possible record, an aperture to be together in the production of an implicated and sensitive hearing of the effects produced by the experience of "becoming Margarida ". The traveled path bursts among fragments, discontinuous cuts, marked by experienceaffections in their ethical, aesthetical and political dimensions. With joy and multiple colors, women perform, in public, an act-manifesto in the fight against retrocessions and for the guarantee of rights. In their march, the Margaridas play a leading role in political actions for their communities' welfare and question traditional gender stereotypes..(AU)

En este ensayo rizomático evocamos escenas, imágenes y afectos accionados con la participación junto a mujeres trabajadoras rurales de la V Marcha das Margaridas . La experiencia y la narración constituyen herramientas potentes en la transmisión de historias en su singularidad, diferencia y multiplicidad. La escritura demarca un registro posible, una apertura para estar juntos en la producción de una escucha implicada y sensible de los efectos de la experiencia de un "devenir Margarida ". El camino recorrido irrumpe entre fragmentos, recortes discontinuos, impregnado por experienciafectos en su dimensión ética, estética y política. Con alegría y colorido, las mujeres vienen a público a performatizar un acto-manifiesto en la lucha contra retrocesos y por la garantía de derechos. En marcha, las margaridas protagonizan acciones políticas para el bien vivir de sus comunidades y cuestionan los estereotipos tradicionales de género..(AU)

Psicologia social comunitária na escola: grêmio estudantil e pertencimento / Social community psychology in school: students union and belonging / Psicología social comunitaria en la escuela: grêmio estudiantil y pertenencia

O artigo apresenta um relato de experiência que, a partir de uma atividade de extensão desenvolvida em uma escola pública de ensino médio noturno, visa articular três temáticas: psicologia social comunitária, espaço escolar e atuação política. Um grupo de estudantes de graduação em psicologia acompanhou, ao longo de nove meses, o processo de constituição de um grêmio estudantil, passando pela organização da chapa, elaboração do regimento, convocação da assembleia estudantil, processo eleitoral e implementação das propostas da chapa vencedora. Tais acontecimentos foram analisados a partir de referenciais teóricos da psicologia social comunitária e da psicologia social crítica, com enfoque na constituição da identidade de estudante, sua relação de pertencimento ao espaço escolar e os movimentos possíveis do político nesse contexto. Por fim, conclui-se pela potência das experiências vividas na constituição do grêmio devido às possibilidades de novas elaborações em relação aos sentidos do que é ser estudante.

This article is based on the report of an extra-curricular experience in a public-high school. It focuses on tree major themes: community psychology, educational environment and political action. During nine months, a group of psychology students monitored and observed the working process of a students' union, including its creation, the formulation of its rules and standards, the call for a student assembly, the electoral process and the implementation of the winning proposals. These events were analyzed using the theoretical frameworks of community psychology and critical social psychology, with special emphasis on the development of students' identities, their sense of belonging in the school and their engagement in political actions in the school context. The findings suggest that students' experiences in the process lead to valuable insights and reflections on the meaning of being a student.

El artículo presenta un informe de experiencia que tiene como objetivo articular tres temas basados en una actividad de extensión desarrollada en una escuela secundaria en el período nocturno: psicología comunitaria, escuela y acción política. Un grupo de estudiantes de psicología siguió el proceso de organización de una asociación de estudiantes, la redacción de un regimiento, la convocatoria de una asamblea estudiantil, el proceso electoral y la implementación de las propuestas de los ganadores. Estos eventos se analizaron desde marcos teóricos de la psicología comunitaria y la psicología social crítica, centrándose en la constitución de la identidad de los estudiantes, su relación de pertenencia con el espacio escolar y los movimientos de los actos políticos en ese contexto. Se concluyó como valiosas las experiencias vividas por los estudiantes en este proceso porque fue posible realizar nuevas elaboraciones que se refieran a los sentidos de lo que es ser estudiante.